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This book offers an overview of solar physics with a focus on solar activity, particularly the activity cycle. It is… known that solar activity varies periodically, but there are also phases of intermittency, such as the Maunder minimum, during which solar activity is very low or high over several decades. The book provides a brief introduction to chaos theory and investigates solar activity in terms of its chaotic behavior. It also discusses how intermittent phases of solar activity have affected and can affect Earth’s climate and long-term space weather, and reviews the underlying theories relating to the solar dynamo mechanism. Furthermore, each chapter includes references to scientific literature (review articles and papers) so that readers can delve deeper into the subjects covered. This richly illustrated book will appeal to a wide readership, and is also useful as a textbook for courses in solar physics and astrophysics.
The natural generalization of the quantum-mechanical N-particle wave function to relativistic space-time is a function of N space-time points, and… thus of N time variables. This book, based on a collection of lectures given at a spring school in Tübingen in 2019, provides an accessible and concise introduction to the recent development of the theory of multi-time wave functions, their use in quantum field theory, their relation to detection probabilities, and the mathematical question of consistency of their time evolution equations. The book is intended for advanced students and researchers with an interest in relativity and quantum physics.
This book is the second edition, whose original mission was to offer a new approach for students wishing to better… understand the mathematical tenets that underlie the study of physics. This mission is retained in this book.The structure of the book is one that keeps pedagogical principles in mind at every level. Not only are the chapters sequenced in such a way as to guide the reader down a clear path that stretches throughout the book, but all individual sections and subsections are also laid out so that the material they address becomes progressively more complex along with the reader's ability to comprehend it. This book not only improves upon the first in many details, but it also fills in some gaps that were left open by this and other books on similar topics. The 350 problems presented here are accompanied by answers which now include a greater amount of detail and additional guidance for arriving at the solutions. In this way, the mathematical underpinnings of the relevant physics topics are made as easy to absorb as possible.
Barron's SAT Subject Test Physics is updated to reflect the current test and features three full-length practice tests along with… detailed content review and expert tips to help students improve their score.This edition includes:One diagnostic test to determine strengths and weaknessesThree complete SAT Subject Tests in Physics, which reflect the most recent actual tests in length, subject matter, and degree of difficultyAnswers and explanations for all questionsSelf-assessment guides after each test so students can measure their progressExtensive subject review covering all topics on the test, including mechanics, electricity and magnetism, waves and optics, thermodynamics, and more.Online Practice Test: Students also get access to one brand new, full-length online practice test with all questions answered and explained.Unique features include a &“What&’s the Trick?&” approach to solving problems quickly and effectively. Additional tips, called out with &“If You See…&” are included within the chapters to give test takers critical insight into difficult concepts, and QR codes are provided at &“Key Concept&” areas link to short videos to enhance instruction. The authors also provide general examination strategies and a detailed appendix with equations, physical constants, and a basic math review.
This popular textbook, now in a revised and expanded third edition, presents a comprehensive course in modern probability theory.Probability plays… an increasingly important role not only in mathematics, but also in physics, biology, finance and computer science, helping to understand phenomena such as magnetism, genetic diversity and market volatility, and also to construct efficient algorithms. Starting with the very basics, this textbook covers a wide variety of topics in probability, including many not usually found in introductory books, such as: limit theorems for sums of random variables martingales percolation Markov chains and electrical networks construction of stochastic processes Poisson point process and infinite divisibility large deviation principles and statistical physics Brownian motion stochastic integrals and stochastic differential equations. The presentation is self-contained and mathematically rigorous, with the material on probability theory interspersed with chapters on measure theory to better illustrate the power of abstract concepts.This third edition has been carefully extended and includes new features, such as concise summaries at the end of each section and additional questions to encourage self-reflection, as well as updates to the figures and computer simulations. With a wealth of examples and more than 290 exercises, as well as biographical details of key mathematicians, it will be of use to students and researchers in mathematics, statistics, physics, computer science, economics and biology.
In a universe filled by chaos and disorder, one physicist makes the radical argument that the growth of order drives… the passage of time -- and shapes the destiny of the universe. Time is among the universe's greatest mysteries. Why, when most laws of physics allow for it to flow forward and backward, does it only go forward? Physicists have long appealed to the second law of thermodynamics, held to predict the increase of disorder in the universe, to explain this. In The Janus Point, physicist Julian Barbour argues that the second law has been misapplied and that the growth of order determines how we experience time. In his view, the big bang becomes the "Janus point," a moment of minimal order from which time could flow, and order increase, in two directions. The Janus Point has remarkable implications: while most physicists predict that the universe will become mired in disorder, Barbour sees the possibility that order -- the stuff of life -- can grow without bound. A major new work of physics, The Janus Point will transform our understanding of the nature of existence.
In the new Second Edition of College Physics, Peter Urone succeeds in carrying out several goals: to convey the concepts… of physics and to help students build the analytical skills to apply them; to help students gain an appreciation for the underlying simplicity and unity in nature; and to impart a sense of the beauty and wonder found in the physical universe. To accomplish these goals, Urone blends coverage of the traditional topics with modern material; and familiar ideas from modern physics, such as the existence of atoms and the conversion of mass into energy, are incorporated early. Topics are introduced conceptually with a steady progression to precise definitions and analytical applications. The analytical aspect (problem solving) is tied back to the concept before moving on to another topic. Urone uses a four-part example and problem-solving mechanism to improve students' skills in solving problems, as well as understanding underlying concepts. The human, biological, and medical applications throughout the text are an important aspect of College Physics, Second Edition. By using human applications throughout the text, Urone encourages conceptual and analytical understanding of the material.
Die Quantenmechanik ist eine physikalische Theorie für Objekte des Mikrokosmos, also z.B. für Atome oder Elektronen. Sie hat sich bisher… bestens bewährt, führt aber dazu, dass wir diesen Objekten Eigenschaften und Relationen zubilligen müssen, die weder mit unserem gesunden Menschenverstand noch mit den Begriffen der klassischen Physik vereinbar sind. Diese Merkwürdigkeiten werden vorgestellt und ihre Bedeutung für unser Erkenntnisvermögen und für ein Weltbild wird diskutiert.
Dieses Lehrbuch bietet einen kompakten und einfachen Einstieg in die Optik und unterstützt Studierende der Physik, Technik und anderer angewandter… Fächer beim Lernen und Verstehen der Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Der Autor liefert einen anschaulichen Überblick über die essenziellen Teilgebiete der Optik und behandelt die grundlegenden Mechanismen und Prinzipien der Entstehung und Eigenschaften des Lichts, der Lichtausbreitung, Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkungen sowie der optischen Abbildung und Abbildungsfehler. Die Beschreibung von optischen Materialien, Komponenten sowie Laserquellen und Laserstrahlung rundet den Inhalt des Tutoriums ab.Durch zahlreiche Verständnisfragen und Rechenaufgaben unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeitsgrade dient das Tutorium als wertvolle Lernhilfe zur Vertiefung der im Studium und in der Ausbildung vermittelten Lehrinhalte. Die übersichtliche Zusammenfassung der zentralen Erkenntnisse in jedem Teilkapitel und eine Formelsammlung der jeweils wichtigsten mathematisch-physikalischen Zusammenhänge helfen zusätzlich beim Lernen und bei der Prüfungsvorbereitung. Darüber hinaus tragen Beispiele von Alltagsphänomenen, die sich auch in den Übungsaufgaben wiederfinden, zur Veranschaulichung von grundlegenden optischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten und Effekten bei.Im Rahmen dieser überarbeiteten und aktualisierten 2. Auflage erhalten Leser des gedruckten Buches zusätzlich kostenlosen Zugang zu allen Verständnisfragen über die Springer Nature Flashcards-App. Mit Hilfe der digitalen Lernkarten samt ausführlichen Lösungen kann man jederzeit und überall das erlernte Wissen überprüfen.
This thesis presents the first ever measurement of the noise emitted by magnetic monopoles and the development of an exquisitely… sensitive magnetic-field-noise spectrometer based on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) that enabled it. Magnetic monopoles are highly elusive elementary particles exhibiting quantized magnetic charge. The prospects for studying them brightened recently with the theoretical discovery that the thermally excited states in certain classes of magnetic insulators exhibit all the characteristics of magnetic monopoles. Furthermore, in 2018, it was predicted that the random motion of magnetic monopoles inside would generate a very specific kind of magnetization noise. In this thesis, the author describes a new experimental technique, so-called spin noise spectroscopy, and the subsequent discovery of virtually all of the predicted features of the magnetic noise expected from a dense fluid of magnetic monopoles in crystals of Dy2Ti2O7. Remarkably, because this magnetic monopole noise occurs in the frequency range below 20kHz, when amplified by the SQUID it is actually audible to humans.
The essays in this open access volume identify the key ingredients for success in capitalizing on public investments in scientific… projects and the development of large-scale research infrastructures.Investment in science – whether in education and training or through public funding for developing new research tools and technologies – is a crucial priority. Authors from big research laboratories/organizations, funding agencies and academia discuss how investing in science can produce societal benefits as well as identifying future challenges for scientists and policy makers. The volume cites different ways to assess the socio-economic impact of Research Infrastructures and their role as hubs of global collaboration, creativity and innovation. It highlights the different benefits stemming from fundamental research at the local, national and global level, while also inviting us to rethink the notion of “benefit” in the 21st century.Public investment is required to maintain the pace of technological and scientific advancements over the next decades. Far from advocating a radical transformation and massive expansion in funding, the authors suggest ways for maintaining a strong foundation of science and research to ensure that we continue to benefit from the outputs. The volume draws inspiration from the first “Economics of Big Science” workshop, held in Brussels in 2019 with the aim of creating a new space for dialogue and interaction between representatives of Big Science organizations, policy makers and academia. It aspires to provide useful reading for policy makers, scientists and students of science, who are increasingly called upon to explain the value of fundamental research and adopt the language and logic of economics when engaging in policy discussions.
Practise and prepare for AQA A-level Physics with hundreds of topic-based questions and one complete set of exam practice papers… designed to strengthen knowledge and prepare students for the exams.This extensive practice book raises students' performance by providing 'shed loads of practice', following the 'SLOP' learning approach that's recommended by teachers.- Consolidate knowledge and understanding with practice questions for every topic and type of question, including multiple-choice, multi-step calculations and extended response questions.- Develop the mathematical, literacy and practical skills required for the exams; each question indicates in the margin which skills are being tested.- Confidently approach the exam having completed one set of exam-style practice papers that replicate the types, wording and structure of the questions students will face.- Identify topics and skills for revision, using the page references in the margin to refer back to the specification and accompanying Hodder Education Student Books for remediation.- Easily check answers with fully worked solutions and mark schemes provided in the book.
This book examines the U.S. space program’s triumphs and failures in order to assess what constitutes a successful space policy.… Using NASA and the space industry’s complex history as a guide, it draws global lessons about space missions and the trends we can expect from different nations in the next decade and beyond. Space exploration has become increasingly dependent on cooperation between countries as well as the involvement of private enterprise. This book thus addresses issues such as: Given their tenuous history, can rival countries work together? Can private enterprise fill NASA’s shoes and provide the same expertise and safety standards? Written by a former NASA Aerodynamics Officer at Houston Mission Control working on the Space Shuttle program, the second edition of this book provides updated information on U.S. space policy, including the new strategy to return to the Moon prior to traveling to Mars. Additionally, it takes a look at the formation of the Space Force as a military unit, as well as the latest developments in private industry. Overall, it is a thought-provoking resource for both space industry professionals and space enthusiasts.
This volume presents peer reviewed and selected papers of the International Youth Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technologies (YETI-2020),… held in Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg on July 10–11, 2020. It discusses current trends and major advances in electronics, telecommunications, optical and information technologies, focusing, in particular, on theoretical and practical aspects of developing novel devices and materials, improving data processing methods and technologies. The conference brings together young researchers and early-career scientists participating in a series of lectures and presentations, establishing contacts with potential partners, sharing new project ideas and starting new collaborations.
The book presents solutions to a complex of internal and external problems of electromagnetics associated with the development of theory,… construction of mathematical models and the development of rigorous methods for calculating the electrodynamic characteristics of combined vibrator-slot structures. The solutions of problems for determining the characteristics of impedance vibrator and slot radiators with arbitrary geometric and electrophysical parameters presented in the monograph were obtained within the framework of the unified methodological approach to construct asymptotic solutions of integral equations on currents and their systems. This approach made it possible to study a number of new combined vibrator-slot structures. The research results reveal the possibilities of using such structures as basic elements in the creation of modern antenna-waveguide devices operating in the ranges from meter to millimeter wavelengths, with new technical characteristics and functional purpose. The book is intended for senior and postgraduate students and researchers working in the fields of radiophysics, radio engineering and antenna-feeder design.The book covers the following topics:• excitation of electromagnetic waves in volumes with coordinate boundaries;• general issues of the theory of thin impedance vibrators and narrow slots in a spatial-frequency representation;• solution of current equations for isolated vibrator and slot scatterers;• combined radiating vibrator-slot structures in rectangular waveguide;• T-junctions of rectangular waveguides with vibrator-slot structures in coupling areas;• waveguide radiation of the combined vibrator-slot structures;• combined vibrator-slot structures located on a perfectly conducting sphere;• combined vibrator-slot Radiators in antenna arrays;• ultrawideband vibrator-slot structures;
Accretion disks are ubiquitous in our universe, and produce intense brightening. How does the gas in the disk lose its… angular momentum to release massive amounts of gravitational energy? This is one of the biggest open questions in astronomy. This book studies four types of newly detected outbursts in dwarf novae through optical observations and/or numerical simulations and puts forward physical interpretations of these outbursts on the basis of the disk instability model, the most plausible model for dwarf-nova outbursts. It demonstrates that the disk-instability model can explain rich variety in dwarf-nova outbursts if some new aspects are taken into account (e.g. the extremely slow growth of tidal instability and thermal instability in the disk misaligned against the binary orbital plane). Moreover, it shares valuable insights on the evolution of binary systems by finding period bouncers and dwarf novae with F-type companion stars, which are rare objects.
This book highlights some of the latest advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials from leading researchers in Ukraine, Europe and beyond.… It features contributions presented at the 7th International Science and Practice Conference Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials (NANO2019), which was held on August 27–30, 2019 at Lviv Polytechnic National University, and was jointly organized by the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, University of Tartu (Estonia), University of Turin (Italy), and Pierre and Marie Curie University (France). Internationally recognized experts from a wide range of universities and research institutions share their knowledge and key findings on material properties, behavior, and synthesis. This book’s companion volume also addresses topics such as nano-optics, energy storage, and biomedical applications.
Bewusstsein – das weiter verbreitet ist als bisher angenommen – ist das Gefühl, lebendig zu sein, es ist kein Rechenvorgang… und auch kein cleverer Trick. In diesem Buch liefert Christof Koch eine schnörkellose Definition des Bewusstseins als bewusstes Erleben, vom alltäglichsten bis zum außergewöhnlichsten – eben das Gefühl zu leben.Die Psychologie erforscht, welche kognitiven Vorgänge einer bewussten Wahrnehmung jeweils zugrunde liegen. Die Neurowissenschaft spürt den neuronalen Korrelaten des Bewusstseins im Gehirn nach, dem Organ des Geistes. Aber warum das Gehirn und nicht etwa die Leber oder ein anderes Organ? Wie kann das Gehirn, drei Pfund höchst erregbares Gewebe, ein Gegenstand im Universum, der denselben physikalischen Gesetzen gehorcht wie jeder andere Gegenstand, subjektives Erleben hervorbringen? Will man eine Antwort auf diese Frage finden, braucht man, so Koch, eine quantitative Theorie, die beim Erleben ansetzt und zum Gehirn fortschreitet. Im vorliegenden Buch umreißt der Autor eine solche Theorie, basierend auf der integrierten Informationstheorie. Koch beschreibt, wie die Theorie viele Fakten zur Neurologie des Bewusstseins erklärt und wie man mit ihrer Hilfe sogar ein in der Klinik einsetzbares Bewusstseins-Messgerät konstruiert hat. Die Theorie sagt voraus, dass viele, ja vielleicht alle Tiere das Leben in vielen Facetten erleben; Bewusstsein ist viel weiter verbreitet als allgemein angenommen. Entgegen der landläufigen Ansicht aber argumentiert Koch, dass programmierbare Computer kein Bewusstsein haben werden. Selbst ein perfektes Softwaremodell des Gehirns ist nicht bewusst – es simuliert lediglich Bewusstsein. Bewusstsein ist keine bestimmte Art von Rechenvorgang, es ist kein cleverer Trick. Bewusstsein ist Sein.reich mit dem Sachbuchprogramm waren.
This book offers an exercise in theoretical planetology, presenting five different scenarios to assess the evolution of habitable conditions on… Mars to assess planetary terraforming potential and to give insight into the ongoing search for habitable exoplanets. Four of the scenarios involve Martian satellite capture models, in which gravitational capture via tidal deformation and energy dissipation processes are measured to predict a pathway of biological evolution, while the fifth scenario analyzes the possible model that led to the Mars that we have today (i.e. with no life forms). In ten chapters, readers will learn how a Mars-like terrestrial planet can be transformed into a habitable planet, and what conditions must be assessed when searching for exoplanets in a star-centered orbit to support life. The book is intended for planetologists, and general enthusiasts of planetary evolution and our solar system.